Laxative Agents: GI Procedures
Bowel Preparation Agents for Surgery or GI Procedures Bowel cleansing is done prior to GI surgery to reduce the bacterial load and thereby decrease the risk of peritoneal contamination by fecal material and subsequent infection. Similar treatment with the laxative component may be performed prior to endoscopic colonoscopy in order to provide better visualization of the bowel surface. The oral component of these treatments is administered the day before surgery. Sometimes, enemas may also be given prior to colonoscopy. Polyethylene Glycol Electrolyte Solution Polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (PEG ES) (GoLytely ®, CoLyte ®, NuLytely ®), 4 liters, can be administered orally prior to GI examination. It can be given via a nasogastric tube to patients who are unwilling or unable to drink the preparation. The patient is instructed to drink 240 mL every … Read entire article »
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Potassium Sodium Tartrate
Drug Nomenclature Synonyms: E337; Kálium-nátrium-tartarát; Kalii Natrii Tartras; Kalio-natrio tartratas; Kalium Natrium Tartaricum; Kaliumnatriumtartraatti; Kaliumnatriumtartrat; Potassium Sodium Tartrate; Rochelle Salt; Seignette Salt; Sodii et Potassii Tartras; Sodium Potassium Tartrate; Tartarus Natronatus; Tartrato de potasio y de sodio; Vinan draselno-sodný Molecular formula: C4H4KNaO6,4H2O =282.2 CAS: 304-59-6 (anhydrous sodium potassium tartrate); 6381-59-5 (sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate); 6100-16-9 (sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate) Pharmacopoeias. In Europe and US. European Pharmacopoeia, 6th ed. (Potassium Sodium Tartrate Tetrahydrate). A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless transparent crystals. Very soluble in water practically insoluble in alcohol. The United States Pharmacopeia 31, 2008 (Potassium Sodium Tartrate). Colourless crystals or a white, crystalline powder, with a cooling, saline taste. It effloresces slightly in warm dry air, the crystals often being coated with a … Read entire article »
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Potassium Acid Tartrate
Drug Nomenclature Synonyms: Purified Cream of Tartar; E336; Hydrogenvinan draselný; Kálium-hidrogén-tartarát; Kalii Hydrogenotartras; Kalio-vandenilio tartratas; Kalium Hydrotartaricum; Kaliumvätetartrat; Kaliumvetytartraatti; Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate; Tartarus Depuratus; Tartrato ácido de potasio; Weinstein USAN: Potassium Bitartrate Molecular formula: C4H5KO6 =188.2 CAS: 868-14-4 ATC code: A12BA03 Pharmacopoeias. In Europe and US. European Pharmacopoeia, 6th ed. (Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate). A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless crystals. Slightly soluble in water practically insoluble in alcohol. It dissolves in dilute solutions of mineral acids and alkali hydroxides. The United States Pharmacopeia 31, 2008(Potassium Bitartrate). Colourless or slightly opaque crystals or a white, crystalline powder. Slightly soluble in water soluble in boiling water very slightly soluble in alcohol. A saturated solution is acid to litmus. Store in airtight containers. Profile Potassium acid tartrate is given with sodium bicarbonate as … Read entire article »
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Phenolphthalein
Drug Approvals (British Approved Name, rINN) International Nonproprietary Names (INNs) in main languages (French, Latin, and Spanish): Synonyms: Dihydroxyphthalophenone; Fenolftaleína; Fenolftalein; Fenolftaleinas; Fenoliftaleiini; Phenolphtaleinum; Phenolphthaleinum BAN: Phenolphthalein INN: Phenolphthalein [rINN (en)] INN: Fenolftaleína [rINN (es)] INN: Phénolphtaléine [rINN (fr)] INN: Phenolphthaleinum [rINN (la)] INN: Фенолфталеин [rINN (ru)] Chemical name: 3,3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)phthalide Molecular formula: C20H14O4 =318.3 CAS: 77-09-8 ATC code: A06AB04 Pharmacopoeias. In China, and Europe. European Pharmacopoeia, 6th ed. (Phenolphthalein). A white or almost white powder. Practically insoluble in water soluble in alcohol. Protect from light. Adverse Effects and Precautions As for Bisacodyl. Hypersensitivity reactions, usually as skin rashes or eruptions, have occurred with phenolphthalein. Phenolphthalein may cause pink discoloration of alkaline urine. Tumours have occurred in rats and mice given very high doses of phenolphthalein there does not appear to be evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, but phenolphthalein-containing products have been withdrawn in many countries … Read entire article »
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Magnesium Trisilicate
Drug Nomenclature Synonyms: E553(a); Magnézium-triszilikát; Magnesii Trisilicas; Magnesio, trisilicato de; Magnesiumtrisilikaatti; Magnesiumtrisilikat; Magnio trisilikatas; Trikřemičitan hořečnatý CAS: 14987-04-3 (anhydrous magnesium trisilicate); 39365-87-2 (magnesium trisilicate hydrate) Read code: y03Lm Description. Magnesium trisilicate is a hydrated magnesium silicate. The code E553(a) has been applied to both magnesium silicate and to magnesium trisilicate. Pharmacopoeias. In China, Europe, US. European Pharmacopoeia, 6th ed. (Magnesium Trisilicate). It has a variable composition corresponding approximately to the formula Mg2Si3O8,xH20 containing not less than 29% of magnesium oxide and not less than the equivalent of 65% of silicon dioxide, both calculated with reference to the ignited substance. A white or almost white powder. Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. The United States Pharmacopeia 31, 2008 (Magnesium Trisilicate). A compound of magnesium oxide and silicon dioxide with varying proportions of water. It … Read entire article »
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Magnesium Carbonate
Drug Nomenclature Synonyms: Bázisos magnézium-karbonát; E504; Magnesii Subcarbonas; Magnesio, carbonato de; Magnesiumsubkarbonaatti; Magnesiumsubkarbonat; Magnio subkarbonatas; Uhličitan hořečnatý zásaditý CAS: 546-93-0 (anhydrous magnesium carbonate); 23389-33-5 (hydrated normal magnesium carbonate); 39409-82-0 (hydrated basic magnesium carbonate) ATC code: A02AA01; A06AD01 Read code: y03Lk; y06v0 Pharmacopoeias. In China, Europe, Japan, US. Some pharmacopoeias include a single monograph that permits both the light and heavy varieties while some have 2 separate monographs for the 2 varieties. European Pharmacopoeia, 6th ed. (Magnesium Carbonate, Heavy Magnesii Subcarbonas Ponderosus). A hydrated basic magnesium carbonate containing the equivalent of 40 to 45% of MgO. A white or almost white powder. 15 ghas an apparent volume before settling of not more than 60 mL. Practically insoluble in water dissolves in dilute acids with strong effervescence. European Pharmacopoeia, 6th ed. (Magnesium Carbonate, Light Magnesii … Read entire article »
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Magnesium Oxide
Drug Nomenclature Synonyms: E530; Magnesii Oxidum; Magnesio, óxido de; Magnesiumoksidi; Magnesiumoxid; Magnio oksidas; Nehéz magnézium; Oxid hořečnatý Molecular formula: MgO =40.30 CAS: 1309-48-4 ATC code: A02AA02; A06AD02; A12CC10 Pharmacopoeias. In China, Europe, International., Japan, US. Some pharmacopoeias include a single monograph that permits both the light and heavy varieties while some have 2 separate monographs for the 2 varieties. European Pharmacopoeia, 6th ed. (Magnesium Oxide, Heavy Magnesii Oxidum Ponderosum). A fine, white or almost white powder. 15 ghas an apparent volume before settling of not more than 60 mL. Practically insoluble in water dissolves in dilute acids with at most slight effervescence. European Pharmacopoeia, 6th ed. (Magnesium Oxide, Light Magnesii Oxidum Leve). A fine, white or almost white, amorphous powder. 15 g has an apparent volume before settling of at least 100 mL. Practically insoluble in … Read entire article »
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Magnesium Citrate
Drug Nomenclature Molecular formula: C12H10Mg3O14 =451.1 CAS: 3344-18-1 ATC code: A06AD19; A12CC04; B05CB03 Read code: y01SE Pharmacopoeias. In Europe and US. European Pharmacopoeia, 6th ed. (Magnesium Citrate, Anhydrous). A white or almost white, fine, slightly hygroscopic powder. Soluble in water practically insoluble in alcohol. It dissolves in dilute hydrochloric acid. Store in non-metallic, airtight containers. The United States Pharmacopeia 31, 2008 (Magnesium Citrate). A 5% suspension in water has a pH of 5.0 to 9.0. Store in airtight containers. Profile Magnesium citrate is an osmotic laxative used as a bowel evacuant before investigational procedures or surgery of the colon. Dosages have ranged from about 11 to 25 g of magnesium citrate. In the UK, an aqueous solution containing magnesium citrate is prepared from a sachet (Citramag) containing about 11.6 g of magnesium carbonate and about 17.8 g … Read entire article »
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Kaolin
Drug Nomenclature Synonyms: Bolus Alba; Caolín; E559; Kaoliini; Kaolin; Kaolinas; Kaolinum; Weisser Ton CAS: 1332-58-7 ATC code: A07BC02 Pharmacopoeias. In China, Europe, International, Japan, US. Some pharmacopoeias do not differentiate between the heavy and light varieties. European Pharmacopoeia, 6th ed. (Kaolin, Heavy). A purified, natural, hydrated aluminium silicate of variable composition. It is a fine, white or greyish-white, unctuous powder. Practically insoluble in water and in organic solvents. BP 2008 (Light Kaolin). A native hydrated aluminium silicate, freed from most of its impurities by elutriation, and dried. It contains a suitable dispersing agent. It is a light, white, odourless or almost odourless, unctuous powder free from gritty particles. Practically insoluble in water and in mineral acids. The BP 2008 directs that when Kaolin or Light Kaolin is prescribed or demanded, Light Kaolin shall be dispensed … Read entire article »
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Tegaserod Maleate
(British Approved Name Modified, US Adopted Name, rINNM) Drug Nomenclature Synonyms: HTF-919; SDZ-HTF-919; Tegaserod, maleato de BAN: Tegaserod Maleate [BANM] USAN: Tegaserod Maleate INN: Tegaserod Maleate [rINNM (en)] INN: Maleato de tegaserod [rINNM (es)] INN: Tégasérod, Maléate de [rINNM (fr)] INN: Tegaserodi Maleas [rINNM (la)] INN: Тегасерода Малеат [rINNM (ru)] Chemical name: 1-{[(5-Methoxyindol-3-yl)methylene]amino}-3-pentylguanidine maleate Molecular formula: C16H23N5O,C4H4O4 =417.5 CAS: 145158-71-0 (tegaserod); 189188-57-6 (tegaserod maleate) ATC code: A03AE02 Stability and compatibility. Crushed tablets of tegaserod were found to be stable in water, and apple juice the latter may mask the taste of the drug. Orangejuice, milk, or yogurt were not recommended as vehicles because of incomplete dissolution or uncertainty about stability. Adverse Effects The most common adverse effects of tegaserod are gastrointestinal disturbances including abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, and flatulence. Diarrhoea generally occurs within the first week of treatment and is usually transient … Read entire article »
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